tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-51995851509339247262024-02-20T17:15:22.113-08:00fun with educationMohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-33851366894327349062011-08-07T01:36:00.000-07:002011-08-07T01:36:50.065-07:00Hei we are the rulers of the world..Hei Im asfak. I born to be awesome. And my aim is to capture this damn world.. Come lets stand together. Hold my hand to create PEACE.. :D :D :D :D :D :DMohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-4010660155248423392011-06-18T00:09:00.000-07:002011-06-18T00:09:22.293-07:00Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-89724513445581674712011-06-18T00:02:00.000-07:002011-06-18T00:02:11.799-07:00planif you fail to plan you plan to failMohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-54757571200145791232011-06-18T00:00:00.000-07:002011-06-18T00:00:16.128-07:00The Bike Phone Charger<iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/NgrKHfncBYI?fs=1" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="295" width="480"></iframe>Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-23493124286789356092011-06-03T05:14:00.000-07:002011-06-03T05:14:21.790-07:00How Transistors Work<iframe src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/ZaBLiciesOU?fs=1" allowfullscreen="" width="425" frameborder="0" height="344"></iframe>Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-81528686937357303922011-06-03T05:09:00.001-07:002011-06-03T05:09:55.130-07:00chemical formula<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading">Chemical formula</h1><div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0 2em;"><tbody>
<tr> <th>Al<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></th> </tr>
<tr> <td> <center>Example of a<br />
chemical formula,<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">aluminium sulfate</a></center> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table>A <b>chemical formula</b> or <b>molecular formula</b> is a way of expressing information about the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> that constitute a particular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a>.<br />
The chemical formula identifies each constituent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> by its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">chemical symbol</a> and indicates the number of atoms of each element found in each discrete <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> of that compound. If a molecule contains more than one atom of a particular element, this quantity is indicated using a <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscript" title="Subscript">subscript</a> after the chemical symbol (although 18th-century books often used superscripts) and also can be combined by more chemical elements. For example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, a small molecule consisting of one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> atom and four <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> atoms, has the chemical formula CH<sub>4</sub>. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> molecule <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> has six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms and six <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> atoms, so its chemical formula is C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>.<br />
Chemical formulas may be used in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_equation" title="Chemical equation">chemical equations</a> to describe <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a>. For <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_compound" title="Ionic compound">ionic compounds</a> and other non-molecular substances an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formula" title="Empirical formula">empirical formula</a> may be used, in which the subscripts indicate the ratio of the elements.<br />
The 19th-century Swedish chemist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> worked out this system for writing chemical formulas.Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-636763409199699292011-05-20T22:22:00.001-07:002011-05-20T22:22:32.171-07:00MAKE presents: The LED<iframe width="480" height="295" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/P3PDLsJQcGI?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-40101373103211644992011-05-20T22:22:00.000-07:002011-05-20T22:22:19.421-07:00MAKE presents: The LED<iframe width="480" height="295" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/P3PDLsJQcGI?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-17979256992293368922011-05-20T22:15:00.000-07:002011-05-20T22:15:19.239-07:00p-n-Juction-And-Diodes<iframe width="425" height="344" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/W6QUEq0nUH8?fs=1" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen=""></iframe>Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-89334862004817505242011-05-16T06:16:00.000-07:002011-05-16T06:16:05.888-07:00முதலாம் அபின் போர்<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 19px;"></span><br />
<h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 1.6em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">முதலாம் அபின் போர்<span class="tinyurl" id="shorturl" style="float: right; font-size: 17px;"><a "style="font-size:12px;" href="http://tawp.in/r/1gou" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="இப்பக்கத்தின் குறுந்தொடுப்பு">http://tawp.in/r/1gou</a></span></h1><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 1.5em; position: relative; width: 815px;"><div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 12px; font-weight: normal;">கட்டற்ற கலைக்களஞ்சியமான விக்கிப்பீடியாவில் இருந்து.</div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #7d7d7d; font-size: 11px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; width: auto;"></div><table class="infobox" style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-top: 0.2em; text-align: left; width: 315px;"><tbody>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: lightsteelblue; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">முதலாம் அபின் போர்</th></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; font-size: 10px; line-height: 1.25em; text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><a class="image" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Juncosob_bom.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="Juncosob bom.jpg" height="192" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Juncosob_bom.jpg/300px-Juncosob_bom.jpg" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a><br />
The <a class="new" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HEIC_Nemesis&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="HEIC Nemesis (இன்னமும் எழுதப்படவில்லை)">HEIC <i>Nemesis</i></a> destroying Chinese war <a class="new" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Junk_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Junk (ship) (இன்னமும் எழுதப்படவில்லை)">junks</a> in the <a class="new" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Chuenpee&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="Second Battle of Chuenpee (இன்னமும் எழுதப்படவில்லை)">Second Battle of Chuenpee</a>, 7 January 1841</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 0px; clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><tbody>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">நாள்</th><td style="vertical-align: top;">1839–1842</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">இடம்</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="சீனா">சீனா</a>, குவாங்தொவ் மாவட்டம்</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">முடிவு</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="பிரித்தானியா">பிரித்தானியா</a> வெற்றியீட்டியது</td></tr>
<tr><th style="padding-right: 1em; vertical-align: top;">நிலப்பகுதி<br />
மாற்றங்கள்</th><td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ஹொங்கொங் தீவு">ஹொங்கொங் தீவு</a>பிரித்தானியப் படைகளால் கைப்பற்றப்பட்டது</td></tr>
</tbody></table></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: lightsteelblue; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">பிரிவினர்</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;" width="50%"><a class="image" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் கொடி"><img alt="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் கொடி" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /></a> <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்">ஐக்கிய இராச்சியம்</a></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top;" width="50%"><a class="image" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:China_Qing_Dynasty_Flag_1862.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="China Qing Dynasty Flag 1862.png" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/China_Qing_Dynasty_Flag_1862.png/22px-China_Qing_Dynasty_Flag_1862.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /></a> <a class="new" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="சீனக் குவிங் பேரரசு (இன்னமும் எழுதப்படவில்லை)">சீனக் குவிங் பேரரசு</a></td></tr>
<tr><th colspan="2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: lightsteelblue; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;">தளபதிகள்</th></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; vertical-align: top;" width="50%"><a class="image" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் கொடி"><img alt="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் கொடி" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /></a> சார்ள்ஸ் எலியட்<br />
<a class="image" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் கொடி"><img alt="ஐக்கிய இராச்சியத்தின் கொடி" height="11" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /></a> அண்டனி பிளஸ்லேண்ட்</td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top;" width="50%"><a class="image" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:China_Qing_Dynasty_Flag_1862.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="China Qing Dynasty Flag 1862.png" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/China_Qing_Dynasty_Flag_1862.png/22px-China_Qing_Dynasty_Flag_1862.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /></a> டாவோகுவாங் பேரரசு<br />
<a class="image" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D:China_Qing_Dynasty_Flag_1862.png" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><img alt="China Qing Dynasty Flag 1862.png" height="15" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/China_Qing_Dynasty_Flag_1862.png/22px-China_Qing_Dynasty_Flag_1862.png" style="border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; vertical-align: middle;" width="22" /></a> <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="லின் சீசு">லின் சீசு</a></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: dotted; border-right-width: 1px; vertical-align: top; width: 155px;"></td><td style="padding-left: 0.25em; vertical-align: top; width: 142px;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 10px; vertical-align: top;">Casualties source:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D#cite_note-0" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[1]</a></sup></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;"><b>முதலாம் அபின் போர்</b> (First Opium War) என்பது சீனாவுக்குள் பலவந்தமாக <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="அபினி">அபின்</a> எனும் போதைப்பொருள் வணிகச் சந்தையை<a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="சீனா">சீனாவிற்குள்</a> பலவந்தமாகத் திறப்பதற்கு <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="பிரித்தானியா">பிரித்தானியா</a> சீனாவிற்கு எதிராகத் தொடுத்தப் போராகும். இப்போரின் பின்னரே பிரித்தானியப் படைகள் <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ஹொங்கொங் தீவு">ஹொங்கொங் தீவை</a> கைப்பற்றிக்கொண்டது. இப்போரை<b>முதலாம் ஆங்கிலோ- சீனப் போர்</b> (First Anglo-Chinese War) என்றும் அழைப்பர். இப்போரின் போது தென்சீனாவின் குவாங்தோவ் மகாணத்தின் <a class="new" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="கெண்டன் துறைமுகம் (இன்னமும் எழுதப்படவில்லை)">கெண்டன் துறைமுகம்</a> மற்றும் அதனை அண்டியப் பகுதிகள் <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="பிரித்தானியா">பிரித்தானியப்</a> படைகளால் அழித்தொழிக்கப்பட்டன. அதனைத் தொடர்ந்து பிரித்தானியப் படைகளால் ஹொங்கொங் தீவில் நிலைக்கொண்டன. அதன் பின்னர் <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="நாஞ்சிங் உடன்படிக்கை">நாஞ்சிங் உடன்படிக்கை</a> எனும் உடன்படிக்கையின் படி சீனாவிடம் இருந்து ஹொங்கொங்கை பலவந்தமாக ஒப்புதல் மூலம் பிரித்தானியா பெற்று, <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="பிரித்தானிய முடிக்குரிய குடியேற்றநாடுகள்">பிரித்தானிய முடிக்குரிய குடியேற்றநாடுகளில்</a> ஒன்றாக பிரகடனப் படுத்திக்கொண்டது.</div><table class="toc" id="toc" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 1px; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1px; font-size: 12px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-top: 5px;"><tbody>
<tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center;"><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-color: initial; border-color: initial; border-left-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-top-style: none; border-width: initial; border-width: initial; color: black; display: inline; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; width: auto;">பொருளடக்கம்</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 11px;">[<a class="internal" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D#" id="togglelink" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;">மறை</a>]</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.3em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D#.E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.A4.E0.AE.B2.E0.AE.BE.E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.85.E0.AE.AA.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.A9.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.8B.E0.AE.B0.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.B0.E0.AE.B2.E0.AE.BE.E0.AE.B1.E0.AF.81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">முதலாம் அபின் போர் வரலாறு</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: none; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-align: left;"><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D#.E0.AE.95.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.BE.E0.AE.99.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.A4.E0.AF.8B.E0.AE.B5.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.9A.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.B1.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.81_.E0.AE.86.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.A8.E0.AE.B0.E0.AF.8D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">குவாங்தோவ் சிறப்பு ஆளுநர்</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D#.E0.AE.B2.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.A9.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.9A.E0.AF.80.E0.AE.9A.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.A9.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.9F.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.A8.E0.AE.9F.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.9F.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.95.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.95.E0.AF.88.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.8D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">லின் சீசுவின் கடும் நடவடிக்கைகள்</span></a></li>
</ul></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D#.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.8B.E0.AE.B0.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.A9.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.9F.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.B5.E0.AF.81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">போரின் முடிவு</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D#.E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.87.E0.AE.B1.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.95.E0.AF.8B.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.8D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">மேற்கோள்கள்</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D#.E0.AE.B5.E0.AF.86.E0.AE.B3.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.AF.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.A3.E0.AF.88.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.8D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">வெளியிணைப்புகள்</span></a></li>
</ul></td></tr>
</tbody></table><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D&action=edit&section=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="முதலாம் அபின் போர் வரலாறு பகுதியை தொகு">தொகு</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.A4.E0.AE.B2.E0.AE.BE.E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.85.E0.AE.AA.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.A9.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.8B.E0.AE.B0.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.B0.E0.AE.B2.E0.AE.BE.E0.AE.B1.E0.AF.81">முதலாம் அபின் போர் வரலாறு</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">19 ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் ஆரம்பக் காலம். பிரித்தானிய வணிக நிறுவனமான <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="பிரித்தானியக் கிழக்கிந்தியக் கம்பனி">பிரித்தானியக் கிழக்கிந்தியக் கம்பனி</a> சீனாவுடனான வணிகத் தொடர்பைக் கொண்டிருந்தது. தென்சீனப்பகுதியான குவாங்தோவ் மகாணத்தில் அமைந்திருந்த கெண்டன் துறைமுகத்தூடாகவே தமது வணிகத்தொடர்பைக் கொண்டிருந்தது. உலகிற்கு தேயிலையை அறிமுகப்படுத்தியவர்கள் சீனர்களாவர். சீனாவிடம் இருந்து தேயிலை கொள்முதல் செய்து ஐரோப்பிய நாடுகளில் விற்பனை செய்வதல் பிரித்தானியாவின் முதன்மை வணகங்களில் ஒன்றாக இருந்தது. குளிர் நாடுகளான ஐரோப்பிய நாடுகளில் தேயிலைக்கு பெரும் செல்வாக்கு இருந்தது. சீனாவில் இருந்து பெருமளவிலான தேயிலை ஏற்றுமதியை செய்துவந்த பிரித்தானியா, அதற்கு ஈடாக கைக்கடிகாரம், மணிக்கூடு போன்ற ஆடம்பரப் பொருட்களை சீனாவிற்குள் இறக்குமதி செய்தது. இந்த வணிகத்தில் சீனாவின் கைமேலோங்கி இருந்தது. சீனாவிடமிருந்து கொள்முதல் செய்யும் தேயிலையின் பெருமதிக்கு ஏற்றவாறு பிரித்தானியாவின் பொருட்களை சீனாவில் இறக்குமதி செய்ய முடியாத நிலை தோன்றியது. எனவே தேயிலையைச் சீனாவிடம் இருந்து கடன் வாங்கும் நிலை பிரித்தானியாவிற்கு தோன்றியது. இதனை ஈடு செய்யும் முகமாக <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="இந்தியா">இந்தி்யாவில்</a>, <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="வங்காளம்">வங்காள தேசம்</a> பகுதிகளில்<a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="அபினி">அபின்</a> போதைப்பொருள் உற்பத்தியைப் பெருக்கி அவற்றை சட்டவிரோதமான முறையில் சீனாவில் இறக்குமதி செய்தது. இந்த சட்டவிரோதமான கடத்தல் போதைப்பொருள் வணிகத்தில் <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="பிரித்தானியா">பிரித்தானியா</a> அதிக இலாபம் ஈட்டத்தொடங்கியது. அதேவேளை சீனாவில் பொதுமக்கள் இப்போதைப் பொருளுக்கு அடிமையானதுடன் பல சமூக சீர்கேடுகளும் எழத்தொடங்கின. இவ்வாறான அவலங்கள் குறித்தோ, அழிவுகள் குறித்தோ பிரித்தானிய எந்த அக்கறையும் கொள்ளவில்லை. அதன் நோக்கம் எப்படியாயினும் வெள்ளிக்காசுகளை குவிப்பதாகவே இருந்தது. அப்போது சீனாவில் <a class="new" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #ba0000; text-decoration: none;" title="குவிங் வம்ச பேரரசு (இன்னமும் எழுதப்படவில்லை)">குவிங் வம்ச பேரரசு</a> ஆட்சியில் இருந்தது. சீனாவுக்குள் நடைப்பெற்று வரும் இந்த சட்டவிரோதமானதும் பொது மக்களுக்கும் தீங்கானதுமான போதைப்பொருள் வணிகத்தை குவிங் சீனப்பேரரசு அதிகார பூர்வமாகத் தடைச்செய்தது. இருப்பினும் பிரித்தானியாவால் தொடர்ந்து மேற்கொண்டுவரும் போதைப் பொருள் வணிகத்தை குவிங் பேரரசால் தடுத்து நிறுத்த முடியவில்லை.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D&action=edit&section=2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="குவாங்தோவ் சிறப்பு ஆளுநர் பகுதியை தொகு">தொகு</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.AE.95.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.BE.E0.AE.99.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.A4.E0.AF.8B.E0.AE.B5.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.9A.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.B1.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.81_.E0.AE.86.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.A8.E0.AE.B0.E0.AF.8D">குவாங்தோவ் சிறப்பு ஆளுநர்</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">அப்போது <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="லின் சீசு">லின் சீசு</a> (Lin Ze-xu) என்பவர் குவிங் பேரரசின், குவங்தோவ் மகாணத்தின் சிறப்பு ஆளுநராகப் (Special Commissioner of Guangzhou) பதவியேற்றார். இவர் சீனாவிற்குள் சட்டவிரோதமாக நடைப்பெற்றுவந்த போதைப்பொருள் வணிகத்தை தடுத்து நிறுத்துவதற்காக கடும் நடவடிக்கைகளை மேற்கொண்டார். அதேவேளை பிரித்தானியா தமது நாட்டிற்குள் அபின் புகைத்தலை தடைச் செய்திருந்தது. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="பிரித்தானியா">பிரித்தானியா</a> தமது நாட்டில் அபின் போதைப்பொருள் பாவனையை தடைச்செய்துக்கொண்டு, அதனையே சீனாவிற்குள் சட்டவிரோதமாக விணியோகித்து அப்பாவி சீன மக்கள் அழிவுக்குள்ளாவதைக் கண்டு ஆத்திரமுற்றார். இந்தச் சட்டவிரோத அபின் வணிகத்தை உடனடியாக நிறுத்தும்படி விக்டோரியா மகாராணிக்கு எழுத்து மூலமாக அறிவித்தார். <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1em;"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D#cite_note-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap;">[2]</a></sup> குவிங் வம்ச சீனப்பேரரசும் மீண்டும் மீண்டும் தடை உத்தரவுகளை பிறப்பித்தவண்ணமே இருந்தது. ஆனால் இவை எதனையும் பிரித்தானியா ஒரு பொருட்டாகக்கொள்ளவில்லை. சீனப்பேரரசின் தடை உத்தரவுகளை மீறி தொடர்ந்து <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="அபினி">அபினி</a> இறக்குமதியை சீனாவுக்குள் சட்டவிரோதமாக தொடர்ந்த வண்ணமே இருந்தது.</div><h3 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; color: black; font-size: 17px; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; font-weight: normal; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D&action=edit&section=3" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="லின் சீசுவின் கடும் நடவடிக்கைகள் பகுதியை தொகு">தொகு</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.AE.B2.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.A9.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.9A.E0.AF.80.E0.AE.9A.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.A9.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.9F.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.A8.E0.AE.9F.E0.AE.B5.E0.AE.9F.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.95.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.95.E0.AF.88.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.8D"><a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="லின் சீசு">லின் சீசுவின்</a> கடும் நடவடிக்கைகள்</span></h3><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">குவாங்தோவ் சிறப்பு ஆளுநரான <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="லின் சீசு">லின் சீசு</a> இப்போதைப்பொருள் புகைப்போருக்கும், விற்பனைச் செய்வோருக்கும் எதிராக கடுமையான சட்டங்களை உருவாக்கி தண்டித்தார். இப்போதைப்பொருள் ஏற்படுத்தும் பாதிப்புகளையும், பக்கவிளைவுகளையும் மக்களுக்கு எடுத்துக்கூறி விழிப்புணர்வு நடவடிக்கைகளையும் மேற்கொண்டார். இவை எதுவும் நடைமுறைச் சாத்தியமாகவில்லை. பிரித்தானியாவின் போதைப்பொருள் கல்லக்கடத்தல் வணிகம் மேலும் மேலோங்கிக்கொண்டேப் போனது. இதனால் <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="லின் சீசு">லின் சீசுவின்</a> நடவடிக்கைகளும் கடுமையாகியது. குவாங்தொவ் மகாணத்தில் களஞ்சியப்படுத்திருந்த அபின்களை எல்லாம் தேடி தேடி அழிக்கத் தொடங்கினார். அபின் வணிகத்தில் ஈடுப்பட்டோருக்கு எதிராக கடுமையான நடவடிக்கைகளை எடுத்தார். அபின்கள் ஏற்றி வந்த கப்பல்களும் தாக்கப்பட்டன. அத்துடன் வெளிநாட்டு வணிகம் அனைத்தையும் இடைநிறுத்தினார்.</div><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">இதனை எதிர்த்தும் சீனாவிற்குள் பலவந்தமாக அபின் வணிகச் சந்தையை திறப்பதற்கும் பிரித்தானியா, <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="பிரித்தானியக் கிழக்கிந்தியக் கம்பனி">பிரித்தானியக் கிழக்கிந்தியக் கம்பனி</a> படைகளைக் கொண்டு சீனாவுக்கு எதிராகப் போர் தொடுத்தது. இதுவே <strong class="selflink">முதலாம் அபின் போர்</strong>என்றழைக்கப்படுகின்றது. உலகில் போதைப்பொருள் வணிகத்திற்காக நடந்த முதல் போரும் இதுவே ஆகும்.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D&action=edit&section=4" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="போரின் முடிவு பகுதியை தொகு">தொகு</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.AE.AA.E0.AF.8B.E0.AE.B0.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.A9.E0.AF.8D_.E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.81.E0.AE.9F.E0.AE.BF.E0.AE.B5.E0.AF.81">போரின் முடிவு</span></h2><div style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.4em;">போரின் முடிவு <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="பிரித்தானியா">பிரித்தானியப்</a> துருப்புகள் வெற்றிபெற்றன. அதனைத் தொடர்ந்து பிரித்தானியப் படைகள்<a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ஹொங்கொங் தீவு">ஹொங்கொங் தீவைக்</a> கைப்பற்றிக்கொண்டது. அதன் பின் <a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="நாஞ்சிங் உடன்படிக்கை">நாஞ்சிங் உடன்படிக்கை</a> எனும் உடன்படைக்கையில், சீனப்பேரரசை பலவந்தமாகப் பணியவைத்து பலவந்தமாக ஒப்புதல் பெறப்பட்டது. அந்த ஒப்பந்தங்களில் ஒன்று<a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="ஹொங்கொங் தீவு">ஹொங்கொங் தீவை</a> சீனப்பேரரசு பிரித்தானியாவிற்கு கையளித்தலாகும்.</div><h2 style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1px; color: black; font-size: 19px; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; padding-bottom: 0.17em; padding-top: 0.5em; width: auto;"><span class="editsection" style="float: right; font-size: 13px; margin-left: 5px;">[<a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D&action=edit&section=5" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #0645ad; text-decoration: none;" title="மேற்கோள்கள் பகுதியை தொகு">தொகு</a>]</span><div><br />
</div><span class="mw-headline" id=".E0.AE.AE.E0.AF.87.E0.AE.B1.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.95.E0.AF.8B.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.8D.E0.AE.95.E0.AE.B3.E0.AF.8D"></span></h2></div>Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-15969218149967898742011-03-13T21:22:00.000-07:002011-03-13T21:22:38.941-07:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/E2s14T6x5AM?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-17810268503303477572011-03-12T04:50:00.000-08:002011-03-12T04:50:55.627-08:00how we handle microscope<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/X-w98KA8UqU?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-91003373658804545302011-03-12T04:47:00.001-08:002011-03-12T04:47:27.298-08:00algebraic expression<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">An algebraic expression is made up of the</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> signs and symbols of algebra. These symbols</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> include the Arabic numerals, literal numbers,</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> the signs of operation, and so forth. Such an</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> expression represents one number or one quantity. Thus, just as the sum of 4 and 2 is one</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> quantity, that is, 6, the sum of c and d is one</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> quantity, that is, c + d. Likewise <img border="0" height="23" src="http://www.tpub.com/math1/10.htm1.gif" width="43" />, ab, a - b, and so forth, are algebraic expressions each of which represents one quantity or</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> number.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Longer expressions may be formed by combinations of the various signs of operation and</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> the other algebraic symbols, but no matter how</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> complex such expressions are they still represent one number. Thus the algebraic expression <img border="0" height="30" src="http://www.tpub.com/math1/10.htm2.gif" width="100" /> is one number</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">The arithmetic value of any algebraic expression depends on the values assigned to the</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> literal numbers. For example, in the expression 2x<sup>2</sup> - 3ay, if x = -3, a = 5, and y = 1, then</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> we have the following:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">2x<sup>2</sup> - 3ay = 2(-3)<sup>2</sup> -3(5)(1)<br />
</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> = 2(9) - 15 = 18 - 15 = 3</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Notice that the exponent is an expression</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> such as 2x<sup>2</sup> applies only to the x. If it is desired to indicate the square of 2x, rather than</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> 2 times the square of x, then parentheses are</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> used and the expression becomes (2x)<sup>2</sup>.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Practice problems. Evaluate the following</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> algebraic expressions when a = 4, b = 2, c = 3,</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> x = 7, and y = 5. Remember, the order of operation is multiplication, division, addition, and</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> subtraction.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="70" src="http://www.tpub.com/math1/10.htm3.gif" width="227" /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Answers:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">1. 53<br />
2. -29<br />
3. 19<br />
4. 53<br />
</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">TERMS AND COEFFICIENTS</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">The terms of an algebraic expression are</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> the parts of the expression that are connected</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> by plus and minus signs. In the expression</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> 3abx + cy - k, for example, 3abx, cy, and k are</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> the terms of the expression.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">An expression containing only one term, such</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> as 3ab, is called a monomial (mono means one).</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> A binomial contains two terms; for example,</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> 2r + by. A trinomial consists of three terms.</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> Any expression containing two or more terms</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> may also be called by the general name, polynomial (poly means many). Usually special</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> names are not given to polynomials of more than</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> three times. The expression x3 - 3x<sup>2</sup> + 7x + 1</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> is a polynomial of four terms. The trinomial</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> x<sup>2</sup> + 2x + 1 is an example of a polynomial which</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> has a special name.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Practice problems. Identify each of the following expressions as a monomial, binomial,</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> trinomial, or polynomial. (Some expressions</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> may have two names.)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="53" src="http://www.tpub.com/math1/10.htm4.gif" width="296" /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Answers:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">1. Monomial<br />
2. Trinomial (also polynomial)<br />
3. Monomial<br />
4. Polynomial<br />
5. Binomial (also polynomial)<br />
6. Binomial (also polynomial)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">In general, a COEFFICIENT of a <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">term </span>is</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> any factor or group of factors of a term by</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> which the remainder of the term is to be multiplied. Thus in the term 2axy, 2ax is the coefficient of y, <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">2a </span>is the coefficient of xy, and 2 is</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> the coefficient of axy. The word "coefficient"</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> is usually used in reference to that factor which</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> is expressed in Arabic numerals. This factor</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">is sometimes called the NUMERICAL COEFFICIENT. The numerical coefficient is customarily written as the first factor of the term.</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> In 4x, 4 is the numerical coefficient, or simply</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> the coefficient, of x. Likewise, in 24xy<sup>2</sup>, 24 is</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> the coefficient of xy<sup>2</sup> and in 16(a + b), 16 is the</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> coefficient of (a + b). When no numerical coefficient is written it is understood to be 1. Thus</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> in the term xy, the coefficient is 1.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">COMBINING TERMS</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">When arithmetic numbers are connected by</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> plus and minus signs, they can always be combined into one number. Thus,</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="30" src="http://www.tpub.com/math1/10.htm5.gif" width="112" /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Here three numbers are added algebraically</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> (with due regard for sign) to give one number.</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> The terms have been combined into one term.</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> Terms containing literal numbers can be</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> combined only if their literal parts are the</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> same. Terms containing literal factors in</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> which the same letters are raised to the same</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> power are called like terms. For example, 3y</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> and 2y are like terms since the literal parts</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> are the same. Like terms are added by adding</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> the coefficients of the like parts. Thus, 3y + 2y</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> = 5y just as 3 bolts + 2 bolts = 5 bolts. <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">Also</span></span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> 3a<sup>2</sup>b and a<sup>2</sup>b are like; 3a<sup>2</sup>b + a<sup>2</sup>b = 4a<sup>2</sup>b and</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> 3a<sup>2</sup>b - a<sup>2</sup>b = <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">2a</span><sup>2</sup><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">b. </span>The numbers ay and by are</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> like terms with respect to y. Their sum could</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> be indicated in two <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">ways: ay + </span>by or (a + b)y .</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> The latter may be explained by comparing the</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> terms to denominate numbers. For instance,</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> a bolts + b bolts = (a + b) bolts.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Like terms are added or subtracted by adding or subtracting the numerical coefficients</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> and placing the result in front of the literal</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> factor, as in the following examples:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> 7x<sup>2</sup> - 5x<sup>2</sup> = (7 - 5)x<sup>2</sup> = 2x<sup>2<br />
</sup><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"> </span><sup> </sup><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;">5b<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><sup>2</sup></span>x - 3ay<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><sup>2</sup></span> </span>- 8b<sup>2</sup>x + 10ay<sup>2</sup> = -3b<sup>2</sup>x + 7ay<sup>2</sup></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Dissimilar or unlike terms in an algebraic</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> expression cannot be combined when numerical</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> values have not been assigned to the literal</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> factors. For example, -5x<sup>2</sup> + 3xy - 8y<sup>2</sup> contains three dissimilar terms. This expression</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> cannot be further simplified by combining terms</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> through addition or subtraction. The expression may be rearranged as x(3y - 5x) - 8y<sup>2</sup> or</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> y(3x - 8y) - 5x<sup>2</sup>, but such a rearrangement is</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> not actually a simplification.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Practice problems. Combine like terms in</span> <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> the following expression:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="73" src="http://www.tpub.com/math1/10.htm6.gif" width="239" /></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;">Answers:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small;"><img border="0" height="74" src="http://www.tpub.com/math1/10.htm7.gif" width="216" /></span></span>Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-3504230040834916182011-03-12T04:45:00.003-08:002011-03-12T04:45:28.366-08:00logic gates<h3>Logic gates</h3><dl><blockquote> Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. These gates are the AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR gates. The basic operations are described below with the aid of <a href="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/index.html#truth">truth tables</a>.
</blockquote><blockquote> <blockquote> <div name="andgate"><a href="" name="andgate"></a><b>AND gate</b> </div></blockquote></blockquote><blockquote> <blockquote> <blockquote> <pre><img align="MIDDLE" height="66" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/AND.gif" width="233" /> <img height="103" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/2andtable.gif" width="143" /></pre></blockquote></blockquote><dl><dd>The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a <strong>high</strong> output (1) only if <b>all</b> its inputs are high. A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B. Bear in mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e. AB</dd></dl></blockquote><dl><dl><dd> </dd>
<dt><a href="" name="orgate"></a><b>OR gate</b></dt>
</dl></dl><blockquote> <blockquote> <blockquote> <pre><img align="MIDDLE" height="66" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/OR.gif" width="235" /> <img height="103" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/2ortable.gif" width="143" /></pre></blockquote></blockquote><dl><dd>The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if <strong>one or more</strong> of its inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.
<dl><dt> </dt>
</dl></dd></dl></blockquote><blockquote> <blockquote> <div name="notgate"><a href="" name="notgate"><b>NOT gate</b></a> </div></blockquote></blockquote><dt><br />
</dt><br />
<dl><blockquote> <blockquote> <blockquote> <pre><img height="66" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/NOT1.gif" width="233" /> <img height="69" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/nottable.gif" width="75" /></pre></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><dl><dd>The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its output. It is also known as an <i>inverter</i>. If the input variable is A, the inverted output is known as NOT A. This is also shown as A', or A with a bar over the top, as shown at the outputs. The diagrams below show two ways that the NAND logic gate can be configured to produce a NOT gate. It can also be done using NOR logic gates in the same way.</dd>
<dl><dl><dt><img align="MIDDLE" height="41" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/NOT.gif" width="410" /></dt>
<dd> </dd></dl></dl></dl></dl><blockquote> <blockquote> <div name="nandgate"><a href="" name="nandgate"><b>NAND gate</b></a> </div></blockquote></blockquote><dt><br />
</dt><br />
<dd><br />
</dd><blockquote> <blockquote> <blockquote> <pre><img align="MIDDLE" height="69" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/NAND.gif" width="237" /> <img height="103" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/2nandtable.gif" width="143" /></pre></blockquote></blockquote><dl><dd>This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs of all NAND gates are high if <b>any</b> of the inputs are low. The symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.</dd></dl></blockquote><dl><dl><dd> </dd>
<dt><a href="" name="norgate"></a><b>NOR gate</b></dt>
</dl></dl><blockquote> <blockquote> <blockquote> <pre><img align="MIDDLE" height="68" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/NOR.gif" width="243" /> <img height="103" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/2nortable.gif" width="143" /></pre></blockquote></blockquote><dl><dd>This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate. The outputs of all NOR gates are low if <b>any</b> of the inputs are high. </dd><dd>The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.</dd></dl></blockquote><dl><dl><dd> </dd></dl></dl><dl><dl><dd> </dd>
<dt><b name="eorgate"><a href="" name="eorgate"></a>EXOR gate</b></dt>
</dl></dl><blockquote> <blockquote> <blockquote> <pre><img align="MIDDLE" height="69" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/EOR.gif" width="241" /> <img height="103" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/2eortable.gif" width="143" /></pre></blockquote></blockquote><dl><dd>The '<b>Exclusive-OR</b>' gate is a circuit which will give a high output if <b>either, but not both</b>, of its two inputs are high. An encircled plus sign (<img src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/enplus.gif" />) is used to show the EOR operation. </dd></dl><a href="" name="enorgate"></a><strong>EXNOR gate</strong><br />
</blockquote></dl><blockquote> <blockquote> <blockquote> <blockquote> <pre><strong><img height="69" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/ENOR.gif" width="241" /> <img height="103" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/2enortable.gif" width="143" /></strong></pre></blockquote>The '<strong>Exclusive-NOR' </strong>gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR gate. It will give a low output if <b>either, but not both</b>, of its two inputs are high. The symbol is an EXOR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.<br />
</blockquote><br />
The NAND and NOR gates are called <i>universal functions</i> since with either one the AND and OR functions and NOT can be generated.<br />
Note:<br />
A function in <i>sum of products</i> form can be implemented using NAND gates by replacing all AND and OR gates by NAND gates.<br />
<dl><dt>A function in <i>product of sums</i> form can be implemented using NOR gates by replacing all AND and OR gates by NOR gates. </dt>
</dl><a href="" name="table 1"></a><b>Table 1: Logic gate symbols</b> <br />
<div align="CENTER"><img height="328" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/symtab.gif" width="539" /></div>Table 2 is a summary truth table of the input/output combinations for the NOT gate together with all possible input/output combinations for the other gate functions. Also note that a <a href="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/index.html#truth">truth table</a> with 'n' inputs has 2<sup>n</sup> rows. You can compare the outputs of different gates.<br />
<a href="" name="table 1"></a><b>Table 2: Logic gates representation using the Truth table</b><br />
<blockquote> <blockquote> <pre><img align="BOTTOM" height="69" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/nottable.gif" width="75" /> <img align="BOTTOM" height="103" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/summarytable.gif" width="377" /></pre></blockquote></blockquote></blockquote><br />
<hr align="LEFT" /> <br />
<h3><a href="" id="example" name="example"></a><img align="BOTTOM" alt="'Example'" height="33" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/graphics/example.gif" width="33" /> Example</h3><blockquote> A <a href="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/index.html#nandgate">NAND gate</a> can be used as a <a href="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/index.html#notgate">NOT gate</a> using either of the following wiring configurations. <br />
<img align="BOTTOM" height="41" src="http://www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/Projects/Labview/gatesfunc/graphics/ex1.gif" width="410" /><br />
(You can check this out using a truth table.)<br />
</blockquote></blockquote>Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-14329567937157245962011-03-12T04:43:00.001-08:002011-03-12T04:43:27.497-08:00microscopeThe first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. An early microscope was made in 1590 in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middelburg">Middelburg</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope#cite_note-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">eyeglass</a> makers are variously given credit: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Lippershey">Hans Lippershey</a> (who developed an early <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telescope">telescope</a>) and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacharias_Janssen#Microscope" title="Zacharias Janssen">Hans Janssen</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Faber">Giovanni Faber</a> coined the name <b>microscope</b> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>'s compound microscope in 1625 <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> (Galileo had called it the "<i>occhiolino</i>" or "<i>little eye</i>").<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microscope&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The rise of modern light microscopy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="The_rise_of_modern_light_microscopy">The rise of modern light microscopy</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope">optical microscope</a></div>The first detailed account of the interior construction of living tissue based on the use of a microscope did not appear until 1644, in Giambattista Odierna's <i>L'occhio della mosca</i>, or <i>The Fly's Eye</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wootton_2-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope#cite_note-Wootton-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
It was not until the 1660s and 1670s that the microscope was used extensively for research in Italy, Holland and England. Marcelo Malpighi in Italy began the analysis of biological structures beginning with the lungs. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hooke">Robert Hooke</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i> had a huge impact, largely because of its impressive illustrations. The greatest contribution came from <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_van_Leeuwenhoek" title="Antoni van Leeuwenhoek">Antoni van Leeuwenhoek</a> who discovered red blood cells and spermatozoa and helped popularise microscopy as a technique. On 9 October 1676, Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-organisms.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wootton_2-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope#cite_note-Wootton-2"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
In 1893 August Köhler developed a key technique for sample illumination, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6hler_illumination">Köhler illumination</a>, which is central to modern light microscopy. This method of sample illumination gives rise to extremely even lighting and overcomes many limitations of older techniques of sample illumination. Further developments in sample illumination came from Fritz Zernike in 1953 and George Nomarski 1955 for their development of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_contrast" title="Phase contrast">phase contrast</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_interference_contrast" title="Differential interference contrast">differential interference contrast</a> illumination which allow imaging of transparent samples.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microscope&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electron microscopy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Electron_microscopy">Electron microscopy</span></h3><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flea_Scanning_Electron_Micrograph_False_Color.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="387" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flea_Scanning_Electron_Micrograph_False_Color.jpg/300px-Flea_Scanning_Electron_Micrograph_False_Color.jpg" width="300" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flea_Scanning_Electron_Micrograph_False_Color.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>A Flea as imaged using an electron microscope</div></div></div><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope">electron microscope</a></div>In the early 1900s a significant alternative to light microscopy was developed, using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> rather than <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light">light</a> to generate the image. Ernst Ruska started development of the first electron microscope in 1931 which was the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscope" title="Transmission electron microscope">transmission electron microscope</a> (TEM). The transmission electron microscope works on the same principle as an optical microscope but uses electrons in the place of light and electromagnets in the place of glass lenses. Use of electrons instead of light allows a much higher resolution.<br />
Development of the transmission electron microscope was quickly followed in 1935 by the development of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope">scanning electron microscope</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Knoll">Max Knoll</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-knoll_3-0"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope#cite_note-knoll-3"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup><br />
Electron microscopes quickly became popular following the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Ernst Ruska, working at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemens">Siemens</a> developed the first commercial transmission electron microscope and major scientific conferences on electron microscopy started being held in the 1950s. In 1965 the first commercial scanning electron microscope was developed by Professor Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Oatley">Charles Oatley</a> and his postgraduate student Gary Stewart and marketed by the Cambridge Instrument Company as the "Stereoscan".<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microscope&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scanning probe microscopy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Scanning_probe_microscopy">Scanning probe microscopy</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscope" title="Scanning probe microscope">scanning probe microscope</a></div>The 1980s saw the development of the first <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_probe_microscope" title="Scanning probe microscope">scanning probe microscopes</a>. The first was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscope">scanning tunneling microscope</a> in 1981, developed by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer. This was closely followed in 1986 with Gerd Binnig, Quate, and Gerber's invention of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_force_microscope" title="Atomic force microscope">atomic force microscope</a>.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microscope&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fluorescence and light microscopy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Fluorescence_and_light_microscopy">Fluorescence and light microscopy</span></h3><div class="rellink boilerplate seealso">See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope">fluorescence microscope</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescence">immunofluorescence</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscope" title="Confocal microscope">confocal microscope</a></div>The most recent developments in light microscope largely centre on the rise of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope" title="Fluorescence microscope">fluorescence microscopy</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology">biology</a>. During the last decades of the 20th century, particularly in the post-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomic</a> era, many techniques for fluorescent labeling of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29" title="Cell (biology)">cellular</a> structures were developed. The main groups of techniques are small chemical staining of cellular structures, for example <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAPI">DAPI</a> to label <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA">DNA</a>, use of antibodies conjugated to fluorescent reporters, see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunofluorescence">immunofluorescence</a>, and fluorescent proteins, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein">green fluorescent protein</a>. These techniques use these different fluorophores for analysis of cell structure at a molecular level in both live and fixed samples.<br />
The rise of fluorescence microscopy drove the development of a major modern microscope design, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_microscope" title="Confocal microscope">confocal microscope</a>. The principle was patented in 1957 by Marvin Minsky, although <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser">laser</a> technology limited practical application of the technique. It was not until 1978 when Thomas and Christoph Cremer developed the first practical <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_laser_scanning_microscope" title="Confocal laser scanning microscope">confocal laser scanning microscope</a> and the technique rapidly gained popularity through the 1980s.<br />
<div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy#Sub-diffraction_techniques" title="Microscopy">Microscopy#Sub-diffraction techniques</a></div>Much current research (in the early 21st century) on optical microscope techniques is focused on development of <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superresolution" title="Superresolution">superresolution</a> analysis of fluorescently labeled samples. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy#Structured_illumination" title="Microscopy">Structured illumination</a> can improve resolution by around two to four times and techniques like <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulated_Emission_Depletion_microscopy" title="Stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy">stimulated Emission Depletion microscopy</a> are approaching the resolution of electron microscopes.<br />
<h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microscope&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Types">Types</span></h2><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MicroscopesOverview.svg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="216" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/MicroscopesOverview.svg/300px-MicroscopesOverview.svg.png" width="300" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MicroscopesOverview.svg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div>Types of microscopes</div></div></div>Microscopes can be separated into several different classes. One grouping is based on what interacts with the sample to generate the image, i.e., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light">light</a> (optical microscopes), <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrons" title="Electrons">electrons</a> (electron microscopes) or a probe (scanning probe microscopes). Alternatively microscopes can be classed on whether they analyse the sample via a scanning point (confocal optical microscopes, scanning electron microscopes and scanning probe microscopes) or analyze the sample all at once (wide field optical microscope and transmission electron microscopes).<br />
The wide field optical microscope and transmission electron microscope use the theory of lenses (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics">optics</a> for light microscopes and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnet">electromagnet</a> lenses for electron microscopes) in order to magnify the image generated by the passage of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave">wave</a> through the sample, or reflected by the sample. The waves used are <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves" title="Electromagnetic waves">electromagnetic</a> (in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope" title="Optical microscope">optical microscopes</a>) or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron">electron</a> beams (in <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscopes" title="Electron microscopes">electron microscopes</a>). <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_resolution" title="Optical resolution">Resolution</a> in these microscopes is limited by the wavelength of the radiation used to image the sample, shorter wavelengths allow a higher resolution.<br />
Scanning optical and electron microscopes, like the confocal microscope and scanning electron microscope, use lenses to focus a spot of light/electrons onto the sample then analyze the reflected and/or transmitted waves. The point is then scanned over the sample to analyze a rectangular region. Magnification of the image is achieved by displaying the data from scanning a small sample area on a large screen. These microscopes have the same resolution limit as wide field optical and electron microscopes.<br />
Scanning probe microscopes also analyze a single point in the sample and then scan the probe over a rectangular sample region to build up an image. As these microscopes do not use electromagnetic or electron radiation for imaging they are not subject to the same resolution limit as the optical and electron microscopes described above.<br />
<h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microscope&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Optical">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline" id="Optical">Optical</span></h3><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope">Optical microscope</a></div>The most common type of microscope—and the first invented—is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope">optical microscope</a>. This is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optical</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measuring_instrument" title="Measuring instrument">instrument</a> containing one or more <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_%28optics%29" title="Lens (optics)">lenses</a> producing an enlarged image of a sample placed in the focal plane. Optical microscopes have <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refractive</a> glass and occasionally of plastic or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartz">quartz</a>, to focus light into the eye or another light detector. Mirror-based optical microscopes operate in the same manner. Typical magnification of a light microscope, assuming visible range light, is up to 1500x with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_resolution#Microscope_case" title="Angular resolution">theoretical resolution limit</a> of around 0.2 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrometres" title="Micrometres">micrometres</a> or 200 <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometres" title="Nanometres">nanometres</a>. Specialized techniques (e.g., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_laser_scanning_microscopy" title="Confocal laser scanning microscopy">scanning confocal microscopy</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertico_SMI">Vertico SMI</a>) may exceed this magnification but the resolution is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction">diffraction</a> limited. The use of shorter wavelengths of light, such as the ultraviolet, is one way to improve the spatial resolution of the optical microscope, as are devices such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-field_scanning_optical_microscope">near-field scanning optical microscope</a>.<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarfus">Sarfus</a>, a recent optical technique increases the sensitivity of standard optical microscope to a point it becomes possible to directly visualize nanometric films (down to 0.3 nanometre) and isolated nano-objects (down to 2 nm-diameter). The technique is based on the use of non-reflecting substrates for cross-polarized reflected light microscopy.<br />
<div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 252px;"><a class="image" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CBP_checking_authenticity_of_a_travel_document.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" height="166" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/CBP_checking_authenticity_of_a_travel_document.jpg/250px-CBP_checking_authenticity_of_a_travel_document.jpg" width="250" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CBP_checking_authenticity_of_a_travel_document.jpg" title="Enlarge"><img alt="" height="11" src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" /></a></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Field_Operations">Office of Field Operations</a> agent checking the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authenticity</a> of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_document">travel document</a> at an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_airport">international airport</a> using a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereo_microscope">stereo microscope</a></div></div></div><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> light enables the resolution of microscopic features, as well as to image samples that are transparent to the eye. <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_infrared" title="Near infrared">Near infrared</a> light images circuitry embedded in bonded silicon devices, as silicon is transparent in this region. Many wavelengths of light, ranging from the ultraviolet to the visible are used to excite <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> emission from objects for viewing by eye or with sensitive cameras.<br />
<a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_contrast_microscope" title="Phase contrast microscope">Phase contrast microscopy</a> is an <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscopy" title="Optical microscopy">optical microscopy</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">illumination</a> technique in which small <a class="mw-redirect" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_shifts" title="Phase shifts">phase shifts</a> in the light passing through a transparent specimen are converted into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplitude">amplitude</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrast_%28vision%29" title="Contrast (vision)">contrast</a> changes in the image. A phase contrast microscope does not require <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining">staining</a> to view the slide. This microscope made it possible to study the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle">cell cycle</a>.<br />
The traditional optical microscope has recently been modified into a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_microscope">digital microscope</a>, where, instead of directly viewing the object, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device">charge-coupled device</a> (CCD) is used to record the image, which is then displayed on a computer monitor.Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5199585150933924726.post-10586304783218007512011-03-07T02:42:00.000-08:002011-03-07T02:42:58.479-08:00images<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-cw3BVGE5oq8/TXS2iWft6SI/AAAAAAAAACg/MGP6mlUTUTI/s1600/2888593420_8344e25e91.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-cw3BVGE5oq8/TXS2iWft6SI/AAAAAAAAACg/MGP6mlUTUTI/s320/2888593420_8344e25e91.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-wcVMhb4G8gk/TXS2k0T_xtI/AAAAAAAAACk/sM03TizEMro/s1600/images.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-wcVMhb4G8gk/TXS2k0T_xtI/AAAAAAAAACk/sM03TizEMro/s1600/images.jpeg" /></a></div>Mohamed Asfakhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05661508634385516156noreply@blogger.com0